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| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S. | residence = Chicago, Illinois

...al Japan (1185–1573/1600)|medieval]] and [[Edo period|early-modern]] Japan from the late 12th century to their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid r ...ers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes.<ref name="HW"/> This was one of the first attempts by the

...rtial arts|martial art]] developed in the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. It developed from the [[Okinawan martial arts|indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts]] (called {{Ni ...year = 1934 |isbn = 4-900613-05-3 | page = 9 }}</ref> the name was changed from {{Nihongo2|唐手}} ("Chinese hand" or "[[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] hand")<ref>Th

...Chánzong'' 禪宗), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches. From China, Chán spread south to [[Vietnam]] and became [[Vietnamese Thiền]], The term Zen is derived from the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] pronunciation of the [[Middle Chinese]]